Vietnam :: essays research papers

North Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so they could be a unified nation. To prevent the domino effect and further spread of communism, the USA troops in 1965 went into action against the Viet Cong until 1975. Not only did the Greatest superpower in the world get bested by a third world nation, but also lost many of it's young men to a meaningless war that they could have never won. To prevent the domino effect and, from America's point of view, stop the further spread of communism, the U.S. held on to the Truman Doctrine and stood behind the South Vietnamese leader, Diem. The United States supplied Diem and has party with economical and military assistance to fight the forces of Ho Chi Minh, who was fighting for a united Vietnam and at the same opposed American and French intervention. What the United States did not realize was that Ho Chi Minh had the backing of the people of Vietnam, " By Supporting Her (France) attempt to establish a Vietnamese regime which lacked nationalist support, we helped insure that Vietnamese patriots would have no real alternative but to rally to the banner of Ho Chi Minh". Deim himself acknowledged that he was not excepted by the people of Vietnam nor did he have their support " Gained popularity as a leader of the resistance, not as a communist", and that the vast majority of his followers were nationalist and in no way pro communist. America failed to open It's eyes and realize that a man such as Ho Chi Minh, who was the established leader of the nationalist movement, could never be replaced by a man, Deim, who was supported by foreign forces and was lesser known then Ho Chi Minh. Deim was a leader of a government that was deeply corrupted and inefficient, resulting in it being unpopular with it's people in Saigon and villagers in the interior, who were neglected by the government. Vietnam :: essays research papers North Vietnam was battling for ownership of South Vietnam, so they could be a unified nation. To prevent the domino effect and further spread of communism, the USA troops in 1965 went into action against the Viet Cong until 1975. Not only did the Greatest superpower in the world get bested by a third world nation, but also lost many of it's young men to a meaningless war that they could have never won. To prevent the domino effect and, from America's point of view, stop the further spread of communism, the U.S. held on to the Truman Doctrine and stood behind the South Vietnamese leader, Diem. The United States supplied Diem and has party with economical and military assistance to fight the forces of Ho Chi Minh, who was fighting for a united Vietnam and at the same opposed American and French intervention. What the United States did not realize was that Ho Chi Minh had the backing of the people of Vietnam, " By Supporting Her (France) attempt to establish a Vietnamese regime which lacked nationalist support, we helped insure that Vietnamese patriots would have no real alternative but to rally to the banner of Ho Chi Minh". Deim himself acknowledged that he was not excepted by the people of Vietnam nor did he have their support " Gained popularity as a leader of the resistance, not as a communist", and that the vast majority of his followers were nationalist and in no way pro communist. America failed to open It's eyes and realize that a man such as Ho Chi Minh, who was the established leader of the nationalist movement, could never be replaced by a man, Deim, who was supported by foreign forces and was lesser known then Ho Chi Minh. Deim was a leader of a government that was deeply corrupted and inefficient, resulting in it being unpopular with it's people in Saigon and villagers in the interior, who were neglected by the government.

A Comparison of Satire in Catch-22 and Good as Gold :: comparison compare contrast essays

Satire in Catch-22 and Good as Gold    Joseph Heller who is perhaps one of the most famous writers of the 20th century writes on some emotional issues such as war. He does not deal with these issues in the normal fashion instead he criticizes them and the institutions that help carry these things out. Heller in fact goes beyond criticizing he satirizes. Throughout his two major novels Catch-22 and Good as Gold he satirizes almost all of America's respectful institutions.    Catch-22 is a satire on World War II. This novel takes place on the small island of Pianosa in the Mediterranean sea late in the war when Germany is no longer a threat. It is the struggle of one man, Yossarian, to survive the war. Throughout this novel Yossarian is trying to escape the war, and in order to do so he does many improper things. Good as Gold is about a Jewish man named Gold. It is about Gold's experiences with the government while being employed in the White House. It also deals in detail with Gold's family problems and Gold's struggle to write a book on the contemporary Jewish society. Throughout these two novels, Catch-22 and Good as Gold, Heller criticizes many institutions. In Good as Gold it is the White House and government as a whole, and in Catch-22 it is the military and medical institutions.    In Catch-22 the military is heavily satirized. Heller does this by criticizing it. Karl agrees with this statement by offering an example of the satire of both the military and civilian institutions in Catch-22:    The influence of mail clerk Wintergreen, the computer foul-up that promotes Major Major, and the petty rivalries among officers satirizes the communication failures and the cut-throat competition Heller saw within both the civilian and military bureaucracies of the 1950's. Even the Civil Rights movement, not yet widespread in the 1950's, is satirized in Colonel Cathcart attitudes toward enlisted men. (23)    Karl summarizes the satirazation of the military with this:    The enemy in Heller's book is not simply the chaos of war, but also the deadly inhuman bureaucracy of the military-economic establishment which clams to be a stay against chaos while it threatens human life more insidiously then battle itself.    Heller also questions the need for the death and carnage throughout the novel asking if it is really necessary.

Barclays plc: Socially Responsible Corporate Behaviour Essay -- Busine

Barclays plc: Socially Responsible Corporate Behaviour How does Barclays plc fulfil its obligations to their stakeholders in terms of ethical business practice and socially responsible corporate behaviour? According to The Institute of Business Ethics (cited in MORI, 2003), â€Å"80% of the public believe that large companies have a moral responsibility to society but 61% also thought large companies don’t care†. Why this shocking conclusion? Due to major accounting scandals such as Enron and WorldCom the public’s confidence in organisations have decreased. Why is there now an increasing demand for organisations to behave ethically and responsibly? Ethics is seen as ‘†¦ a system of morals or rules of behaviour’ (Mullins 1999) meanwhile the definition of corporate responsibility taken from Sims (2004) states that’†¦ business behaviour that is likely to engender the trust and commitment of stakeholders towards the company.’ Changes in people’s values and beliefs have also led to this demand. Yet, to what extent are organisations responding to the changing needs of society? For this analysis, the focus of this issue will be centred on Barclays plc and whether this company is fulfilling its ethical and socially responsible behaviour towards its stakeholders. In order to ascertain the effectiveness of these policies and validity of their claims, many different sources will have to be taken into consideration. As stated by MORI (2003) Barclays is ‘†¦ an international financial services group engaged primarily in banking, investment and asset management. It is one of the largest financial services group, operating in nearly 70 countries and employing 74,800 people.’ How is Barclays able to satisfy its various stakeholders, considering its vast operations and the intense scrutiny the financial sector has come under? Stakeholders are ‘†¦ individuals or groups who are affected by the goals, operations or activities of the organisation (Mullins, 1999). Who are Barclay’s stakeholders and what influence do they have? Barclay’s key stakeholders are their employees, customers, shareholders and the communities in which they operate. Below is a table adapted from Sims (2003, p41) showing what stakeholders expect from an organisation. To fulfil the purpose of this assigned the stakeholders of Barclays will be incorporated within the table. .. ...r financial institutions lending money to Angola, a country that has high human rights violation. Overall, considering the current climate where many firms are facing increasing public scrutiny Barclays is making progress in the right direction. They were once a bank that was making ethical gaffes to one that has won awards for its policies. Barclays is an example of an ethically engaged company, it has listened to criticisms faced in the past and is trying to respond in a positive way. This was recognised by the title of their 2004 report ‘Behaving responsibly’ which contradicts their previous report about putting profits first. More need to be accomplished at Barclays though; they should state some of their policies more clearly (as in the case of the Angolan government and the support of oppressive regimes). Despite all this, there is evidence to suggest that Barclays is doing as much as possible to satisfy all its various stakeholders but more progress needs to be made. In order to achieve their aim of becoming a leader in ethical and socially responsible behaviour they just need to continue in the same direction and respond to the changing needs of society.

The Kashmir Crisis – The Importance Relationship Between India and Pakistan

Kashmir Conflict has been around since 1947. It is also the key point or the reasons why India and Pakistan did not get along well. Because of this, the diplomatic relationships between the two countries are on the fire and both countries has been witnesses few war to fought over Kashmir. Behind this conflicts, we can find a lot of other historical events that happen due to this among this is a country name Bangladesh was born from East Pakistan.This article is designed to help explain the situation in the region and the significance of Kashmir to India and Pakistan. To accomplish this goal we will first discuss the genesis of the conflict and the benefit of Kashmir interns of resources, people, location etc. Second, we will look at some into the political dynamic of India and Pakistan on the dispute of Kashmir and what is the indication to both parties. Finally, we present the armed race by India and Pakistan and why are they so determine.Kashmir is a unique place where it is likely the center of three countries where it borders include India where Kashmir is a region located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. It includes the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir as well as the Pakistani states of Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. The Chinese regions of Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram are also included in Kashmir. Currently, the United Nations refers to this region as Jammu and Kashmir.†¨India and Pakistan have their own reasons by wanting Kashmir. The definite reason and most important one is Kashmir is the strategic location for military purposes due to the common boundaries between India, Pakistan and China which currently among the main actor in Asia.The state of Kashmir was the largest princely state in India among 562. It’s area was 222, 870 sq. Km that more or less double the area of the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark and Luxemburg all together.Historical BackgroundMany historian believe that the pre-historic Kashmir was a mount ain near Varahmulla. According to legend a great saint named Kashyap and rescue the people from a demon called Jalod Bowa, who tortured and devoured the people, who lived nea r mountain slopes. After performing penance for a long time, the saint was blessed, and he was able to cut the mountain which blocked the water of the lake from flowing into the plains below. The lake was drained, the land appeared, and the demon was killed. The saint encouraged people from India to settle in the valley. The people named the valley as Kashyap-Mar and Kashyap-Pura. The name Kashmir also implies land desicated from water: â€Å"ka† (the water ) and shimeera (to desicate).Since then Kashmir was occupied by Brahmin Hindus, Buddhist missionaries arrived around 274 BC. Hindu Dynasties continued to rule Kashmir. In 1001 AD the Muslims arrive to Kashmir. By the late 16th century the ruling Muslim Dynasty had managed to remove the power of the Hindu ruler and Kashmir was a Muslim-dominated state ever since one hundreds of years later. The British Empire has colonized the Indian subcontinent. In 1846 the British defined Kashmir’s boarders to create a safeguard between the Indian Commonwealth and the Russian and Chinese empires.Specific border locations were difficult to define due to sparse population and rugged terrain. When the UK granted India sovereignty in 1947 the region's Muslim population decided to form their own country, in what is now Pakistan. At this time Kashmir was a mutually agreed upon neutral state, and Pakistan thought they would receive control, since it was predominantly Muslim. Kashmir’s ruler instead granted India ruling authority. Thus began conflict over Kashmir.The People of KashmirThe population living in the Valley of Kashmir is primarily homogeneous, despite the religious divide between Muslims (94%), Hindus (4%), and Sikhs (2%). The people of theValley, share common ethnicity, culture, language and customs, which is no doubt the ba sis of â€Å"Kashmiriyat†. The ethnic diversity of the state mirrors its geographical diversity to a large extent. In the eastern part of Ladakh-Baltistan-Gilgit, the regional people are by and  large of Tibetan stock and are Buddhists or Muslims by religious persuasion. Muslims are divided into Shias (predominant in Purik and Baltistan); Ismaelis, another sect of Shia Islam (predominant in northern Gilgit and Ghizer district); and Sunnis (predominant in the southwest in Chilas and Astore). The main Gilgit town and surrounding valleys are thickly populated with Shias, while Buddhists tend to reside in Central Ladakh in the Indus Valley and surrounding areas.The languages spoken in this region are Balti, Bodhi, Borushaski, Chitrali, Hindko, and Shina. In Jammu and to its immediate east, the population is predominantly Hindu, while the western parts of Jammu are predominantly Muslim. The languages spoken in this region are Dogri, Gujari, Pahari, Pothwari, and Punjabi. In addi tion, the eastern section of Jammu houses pockets of Pogli-Kashtawari (Kashmiri) and Bhadrawahi, as well as sub-pockets of Siraji and Rambani. Residents of the Valley are Kashmiri-speaking and primarily Muslim, either Sunni or Shia, though a small percentage are also Hindu, Sikh, or Christian. Straddling the Kashmir Valley and the foothills of Jammu is the abode of the Gujjar/Bakarwal tribes, the shepherd community of the state who speak Gujari, a kin of Rajasthani Hindi. They are generally Muslim.The Land AreaKashmir is divided among Pakistan, India and China. Pakistan controls the northwestern part, while India controls the central and southern portions and China controls its northeastern areas. India controls the largest portion of land at 39,127 square miles (101,338 sq km) while Pakistan controls an area of 33,145 square miles (85,846 sq km) and China 14,500 square miles (37,555 sq km). The Kashmir region has a total area of about 86,772 square miles (224,739 sq km) and much of it is undeveloped and dominated by large mountain ranges such as the Himalayan and Karakoram ranges.The Vale of Kashmir is located between mountain ranges and there are also several large rivers in the region. The most populated areas are Jammu and Azad Kashmir. The main cities in Kashmir are Mirpur, Dadayal, Kotli, Bhimber Jammu, Muzaffrarabad and Rawalakot. Kashmir has a varied climate but in its lower elevations, summers are hot, humid and dominated monsoonal weather patterns, while winters are cold and often wet. In the higher  elevations, summers are cool and short, and winters are very long and very cold. No wonder many people called it the Switzerland of the East.Economic ResourcesKashmir's economy is mostly made up of agriculture that takes place in its fertile valley areas. Rice, corn, wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables are the main crops grown in Kashmir while lumber, and the raising of livestock also play a role in its economy. In addition, small-scale handicrafts an d tourism are important to the area.Overview of the Kashmir ConflictThe Kashmir Conflict between India and Pakistan stars ages ago. Both India and Pakistan has fought few war on possession of Kashmir. The conflicts start in 1947 after the British Colonial. As a British controlled states that also called British-India, the two states we divided as India and Pakistan. The Indian portion of Kashmir is called Jammu and Kashmir and its capital is Srinagar. The Pakistani controlled part of the region is called Azad Kashmir and its capital is Muzaffarabad. This creation of the two state were resulted due to the religious lines, Hindus and Muslims.Kashmir it’s a unique state. Because of its location, Kashmir can choose either to be with India or with Pakistan. However, Maharaja Hari Singh which is the ruler of Kashmir at that time unable to decide which state to choose so Kashmir remains neutral as it is. Since then, Kashmir has been violently disputed by India and Pakistan.Maharaja Hari Singh is Hindu while the majority of people in Kashmir are Muslims. So he taught that remains neutral will make the state safe from any trouble with India and Pakistan. Unfortunately, his decision to remain neutral was making Pakistan dissatisfied. Pakistan decided to use the hard and brutal way to get Kashmir, that is sending it’s tribesmen and their army to invade Kashmir on October 1947. The reason is to overthrow Maharaja Hari Singh.The invasion by Pakistan are describe to be aggressive, brutal and  cruel. This tragic history were get worst and worst when raiders that supported by Pakistani Government also take part in invasion of Kashmir. The raiders abducted women, girls raped them, kills thousand of people and massacred children. Mostly Hindus and Sikhs but sadly the Muslims too. They even dishonored Al-Quran and turns the mosques into prostitution house. A lot of devastation happening in Kashmir due to that. House are ruin, the crops are burns and lands are sco rched. Estimated killings were more than 2 millions.Due to the cruelty and terrible things happen in the invasion, Maharaja Hari Singh was unable to do anything to help the people of Kashmir and turn to India for help. Maharaja Hari Singh asked India for Military assistance but to give that kind of assistance, India has put a condition to it. Maharaja has to sign a Instrument of Accession, ceding Kashmir to India on October 26, 1947. After that, India has agreed to sent its military assistance to Maharaja Hari Singh that spark the first war for India and Pakistan over possession of Kashmir.The war has given Indian forces has success in thwarted the incursion by Pakistan troops and ready to invade Pakistan. On the other hand, instead of going into further war with Pakistan, Prime Minister of India at that time, Jawaharlal Nehru took the matter to United Nation and referred the issue as a dispute for Kashmir to accede to India on 1st January 1948. The United Nations response to the di spute in a resolution dated August 13th 1948. United Nations ordered Pakistan to withdraw its troops from Kashmir which India also to remove its troops. However Pakistan declined that order. The war continued for several months until a ceasefire was a agreed on January 1st 1949 with 65 percent territory under control by India and the remaining 35 percent to Pakistan. It’s not easy for India to made Kashmir incorporation official. India has gone to United Nations regarding the resolution several times.Kashmir was officially incorporated to India on 1957. He official settlement was not solve the problem between these two countries. The war broke out again in 1965 due to the Pakistan frustration in India attempts to integrate Kashmir into its federation. The Pakistanis came up with a plan called â€Å"Operation Gibraltar† to take back Kashmir. Same as in 1947, Pakistan sent  it guerillas into Kashmir in August 1965 with hope that Muslims in Kashmir would rebel against I ndia. Even so, the guerillas were captured and handed over to the Indian authorities.The situation was quickly worsened. The Pakistanis launched an attack on Kashmir on September 1st 1965. When the war getting more serious, United Nations supported by the United States, Britain, and the USSR, called for an immediate cease-fire, which India and Pakistan accepted on September 6. Even though the war was in a short period of time but the bitter still impacted the people and land of Kashmir.The war seems endless in Kashmir. In 1971 Kashmir witness another war. This time India and Pakistan fought over the independence of Bangladesh were Kashmir was only the issue related to it. Thankfully, in July 2nd 1972, India Prime Minister, Mrs Indira Gandhi has signed Simla agreement with Pakistan President later became Prime Minister, Mr Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.Under this agreement, India and Pakistan, among others, committed themselves to â€Å"settling their differences through bilateral negotiation s or by any other peaceful means mutually agreed upon between them,† and that the â€Å"basic issues and causes which bedeviled the relations between the two countries for the last 25 years shall be resolved by peaceful means.† They also agreed that in â€Å"Jammu and Kashmir, the Line of Control (LOC) resulting from the cease-fire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side.†Kashmir again on war in 1999. The Kargil War seems to be a war on the contrary in Kashmir were it involved the Kashmiri Militants and Pakistan. The 1999 Kargil War took place between May 8, when Pakistani forces and Kashmiri militants were detected atop the Kargil ridges and July 14 when both sides had essentially ceased their military operations. It is believed that the planning for the operation, by Pakistan, may have occurred about as early as the autumn of 1998. By 30 June 1999 Indian forces were prepared for a major high-altitude offensive against Pakistani posts along the border in the disputed Kashmir region. It was on June 15 that the then US President Bill Clinton asked the then Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to pull out from Kargil..On July 4, After a long battle,Indian Army took control of Dras on July 5, Sharif ordered withdrawal of Pakistani Army from Kargil. Then Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee declared Operation Vijay (Kargil War) a success and by July 26, Kargil War officially came to an end as Indian Army announced complete eviction of Pakistani intruders.The Significance of Kashmir to India and PakistanMany have opinion and argument about why is Kashmir is so important to India and Pakistan but many maybe agree that Kashmir is a strategic area for military purposes. Kashmir has a link to its border that goes into 3 countries which is China, India and Pakistan. Kashmir is gifted with strategic leverages for emerging nations. That’s why, it’s is a vale of caged aspirations. The current geo strategic position for Kashmir is dictated by three emerging nations, which are bred with Secular, Islamic and Communist ideologies. Neighboring to the most diversified people and culture, shares a numerous of international borders.By the north side of Kashmir is Sinkiang of China which a common border in about 650 km. Its border tamper with Tibet in the east for about 720 km. In the south, the border then through along the side of India for about 560 km and Pakistan for about 1100 km. Furthermore, its boundary touches Afghanistan with which the common border was about 160 km. A short trip of Afghanistan territory known as Wakhan separated from Russia.Within Kashmir itself has its own importance that control a major mountain gateway. Kashmir has served as a military based that across Karakoram and Hindukush ranges thus making it the principal invasion route to India. The importance of Kashmir to the defence and economy of the region lies in the fertile soil and extensive plains.Apart from the international strategic importance of Kashmir, It has its own importance to India and Pakistan. Began with India. India as we know it, today is among the top player in Asia besides China. It’s country is nearly as big as China and have the high population. The central position of Kashmir is in the tip of India, makes it look like a crown in the utmost north of India. According to its location, Kashmir is vital importance to the security and international contacts of India. The security of Kashmir  must be preserve which it depend on internal tranquility and the existence of stable government, is crucial to India own security especially since part of the southern boundary of Kashmir and India common. To India preserving the peace in Kashmir is an responsibility of national interest to it.From the view of Pakistan, it also has reasons to claiming Kashmir state as their own. Kashmir is also great strategic importance too. Same a s India, Kashmir is crucial to Pakistan for its security. It’s a vital necessity to Pakistan survival. If the Kashmir is like a crown in India Map, also same with Pakistan, Kashmir is like a cap to Pakistan head. Kashmir is no doubt have power of possession that can dominate Pakistan military and will be a position to directly threaten the rail and road connection running inside Pakistan in close range of the border. Kashmir is also has full control over the upper reaches of Sind, Jhelum and Chenab rivers on which the lifeline of Pakistan agriculture and economy. By depending on Kashmir, the economy and agriculture of Pakistan could cripple. For Pakistan, Kashmir is about the matter of life and death to them.The Political Dynamic of Kashmir to India and PakistanThe Kashmir Conflict has been around for a while now, starting from 1947. The people of Kashmir has gone through a lot of pain and suffering. Unfortunately, the pain and suffering of the people has not gain any attenti on from both India and Pakistan. It is not too far by saying this conflict was only a political dynamic for India and Pakistan. These matter only given a hidden benefit in their hidden agenda. We will discuss further on this issue.As far as India concern, the transformation of the political order from the extraordinary political leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, the Indian National Congress was transformed from an upper-middle-class, Anglicized organization into a broad-based mass political party. After independence, several factors strengthened and expanded on Gandhi's legacy. But still, legacy change and the Kashmir conflict was not solve and it been twisted around as their political benefit. The crisis in Kashmir is the display of an greater  version of political eternalize and accelerating political mobilization.The early decay of political institutions in Kashmir, which the government in New Delhi did little to foreground and the dramatic pace of political mobilization proved to be a combustible mix. Since the Northern area of Kashmir has not favor the entire of Kashmir going incorporated with India. Nevertheless, India still wants recognition as a power which matters on the world stage – but there seems to be no clear path carved out to achieve this. Obviously strong economic growth, preferably in double digits, is an important part of a country's power status in the new world order.Pakistan has consistently favoured this as the best solution for them. In view of the state's majority Muslim population, the hope that Kashmir would vote to become part of Pakistan. However a single plebiscite held in a region which comprises peoples that are culturally, religiously and ethnically diverse, would create disaffected minorities. The Hindus of Jammu, and the Buddhists of Ladakh have never shown any desire to join Pakistan and would protest at the outcome. Same as the northern area of Kashmir that doesn’t want to become into India.A lot of factor of fear that coming into Kashmiri’s mind if they become into Pakistan, judging from bad experience back in the day where Pakistan damages their people and land. Pakistan feels that if they take over Kashmir, they water issue is solve. Pakistan has raised the water issue at every track two channel diplomacy meeting that has taken place since 1999. It has called for World Bank arbitration on one disputed dam and taken another that is being built in Kashmir to the International Court of Arbitration at the Hague. Under the circumstances, if Pakistan really pull off the dispute on Kashmir, the political will up rises and strengthen within Pakistan.The India and Pakistan Arms RacedIndia and Pakistan has spent a lot of country budget on nuclear since the country its not a developed and wealthy. Mind as well spent it for internal facilities, development and so on but yet, both spent a lot it. Both sides have spent huge amounts on developing a nuclear bomb over the past three decades. Th e question is, why? Kashmir conflict is also one of the reason or  the beginning of the struggle. Starting from that, India and Pakistan has been in a race ever since. Still being on arms race under a few reason that is terrorism, the status of Kashmir, disputed natural resources, and nuclear weapons.As Pakistan attack India in Mumbai in November 2008 so it is consider a strong reason why India has to develop their nuclear weapon, it is for precautions. India, which is the conventionally stronger military power, is seen to favour keeping the nuclear dialogue separate and insulated from other developments. Pakistan, on the other hand, views nuclear and conventional military issues as directly tied together. An argument in favour of separating the two is that should another crisis erupt, communication between the nations on atomic issues would not be cut off, thus lessening the chances of a costly miscalculation. The world concern now for these arms races is that Pakistan policy tow ards it. Apparently Pakistan using the ‘first-use-policy’ which Pakistan would likely to use their nuclear weapons to vanish India off the Maps whenever any serious matter arising.The dilemma then for the India and Pakistan continue and down to the nuclear flow without coming into contact with one another, all the while maintaining a safe distance. India knows the dangers of coming into contact with Pakistan, and therefore has been proposing confidence and security building measures long before opening the nuclearisation. Pakistan has also been extraordinarily transparent unlike India about the measures it has taken to secure its nuclear weapons against internal and external destabilisation, but instead of being appreciated by the community, it has been ridiculed with ifs and buts about its ‘competency’ to manage a highly stable nuclear command and control system.India and Pakistan are indeed racing toward their respective national security objectives, but they are running on different tracks and chasing vastly different goals. Pakistan is building weapons systems to deter India from conventional military operations below the nuclear threshold. India is developing systems primarily to strengthen its strategic deterrent against China, meaning this dynamic is not confined to the subcontinent. Government policies that aim to change the trajectory of the South Asian security  competition need to take these complexities into account. Both states may be racing, but they are running on different tracks and chasing vastly different goals.The Deterrence TheoryExtracting the Deterrence Theory from Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence, Naval Studies Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1997, Deterrence Theory is commonly thought about in terms of convincing opponents that a particular action would elicit a response resulting in unacceptable damage that would outweigh any likely benefit. Rather than a simple cost/benefit s calculation, however, deterrence is more usefully thought of in terms of a dynamic process with provisions for continuous feedback.The process initially involves determining who shall attempt to deter whom from doing what, and by what means. Several important assumptions underlie most thinking about deterrence. Practitioners tend to assume, for example, that states are unitary actors, and logical according to Western concepts of rationality. Deterrence also assumes that we can adequately understand the calculations of an opponent. One of the most important assumptions during the Cold War was that nuclear weapons were the most effective deterrent to war between the states of the East and the West.This assumption, carried into the post-Cold War era, however, may promote nuclear proliferation. Indeed, some authors suggest that the spread of nuclear weapons would deter more states from going to war against one another. The weapons would, it is argued, provide weaker states with more s ecurity against attacks by stronger neighbors. Of course, this view is also predicated on the assumption that every state actor's rationality will work against the use of such weapons, and that nuclear arms races will therefore not end in nuclear warfare.In this terms of India and Pakistan conflicts over Kashmir, it is felt appropriate of using Deterrence Theory in explaining the situation that happen previously and currently. India for that matter using the issue of Kashmir as definite reason which Kashmir is likely to be a great military based and also as an ego showing weapon to his rivalry country, Pakistan. In  this matter, if India wins over the dispute, that means they one step further from Pakistan and more likely to win in other battle with Pakistan, by using the media warfare and propaganda of course.In response to that, Pakistan on the other hand, with a stable diplomatic relationship with China, felt that they are also one step closer to win over Kashmir because of the support from one of the world super power nations. It is making India feel intimidated by it and starting its own arms race to cater China. By using the strong relationship with China, Pakistan felt that they dispute over Kashmir are much likely to excel.Using the Deterrence Theory, it is showed that both India and Pakistan are convincing opponents that a particular action would elicit a response resulting in unacceptable damage that would outweigh any likely benefit.ConclusionFrom 1947 Kashmir is under military occupation, it is highly militarized zone in the world with more than 9 Million Security force. Indian elites have developed such a obsession with Kashmir that India spend billions on military occupation of Kashmir which also paves way for the big defense scams. In-fact Kashmir dispute has become a big industry for some in Indian defense to loot Indian resources and they will not let this conflict to be solved.No matter what, both India and Pakistan put religion in one side and sensible and enlighten people for both countries should ask their policy makers to stop this nonsense and let Kashmir’s choose their future as promised by India in UN when it occupied an independent country (JK) in 1947. But no matter which parties that get Kashmir, the suffering of the people was not getting any better. But on my opinion, it is better that Kashmir would stand alone be granted the independence. The people of Kashmir has faced a lot of suffering since the dispute. It is time for them to stand on their feet. Let Kashmir in peace after so long in pain.

Goodnight Mister Tom Essay

Evacuating children to the country was seen as a kind and protective action to prevent them being killed or injured in the blitz. However, for some children, the move could be negative and frightening whilst for those such as William Beech it would prove a beneficial event. When the evacuees first arrive in Little Weirwold it is a massive change for many â€Å"They all looked bewildered and exhausted†. For many children the countryside was quite foreign to them. Tom exclaims to Willie â€Å"‘Ent you never seen a cow?† There are many differences between the city and the country and all need to be adjusted to. The noise level and number of people around are two things that cause Tom to feel â€Å"totally dazed† on arrival in London. All families are unique but although this can be a positive, for some it may prove negative. Despite missing his parents, Zach had a fairly happy time with Dr and Mrs Little. Robert and Christine King were, sadly, made to work too hard to the detriment of their schooling. â€Å"Robert and Christine’s mother †¦ and took them back to London. †¦ she felt they were being used as unpaid labour†. For Willie it was an extremely positive experience. Tom treats him as a caring parent and by the end of the novel – without even thinking – Will says â€Å"I’m sorry, Dad† and Tom is thrilled too â€Å" â€Å"He called me Dad† †¦ overwhelmed with happiness† For a child such as Willie, the contrast between home and Little Weirwold, the contrast between his mother and Mr Tom could not have been more extreme. His mother beat him only â€Å"soft beatings† and saw him as being â€Å"wicked †¦[ enough to be] sent to an ‘ome fer bad boys†. Willie arrives at Little Weirwold his body is covered with the evidence of his mother’s abuse. â€Å"a large multicoloured bruise on his shin and a swollen red sore beside †¦ Willie’s arms and legs were covered in bruises, weals and sores†. Tom, on the other hand, doesn’t â€Å"know nothin’ about children† but does â€Å"know enuff not to beat ‘em and make ‘em that scared.† Little Weirwold is also the place that nurtures Will in other ways. It is where he makes his first friends Zach, Carrie and Ginnie and George. This contrasts sharply with London as there he had â€Å"no friends as such. Bullied and ragged a lot by the kids†. Will’s experience of school and teachers is also vastly different. In London the teacher â€Å"didn’t like† Will and allowed the others to call him â€Å" Sillie Sissie Willie†. Tom patiently teaches Will his letters and at school he is also taught and nurtured by Mrs Black and Mrs Hartridge. The play is an opportunity for Will and once Miss Thorne sees his aptitude, she encourages and nurtures it, asking him to take the role of Scrooge. Overall, the evacuation of London children to the country in the second world war was neither cruel nor kind – for each child it was different. In Zach’s case he was safe in the country but was killed in a bombing when he went back to London. For Willie it was a positive experience in so many ways as he transforms from â€Å"Sillie Sissie Willie† to â€Å"Will†. Without the evacuation and Tom’s affection for him this transformation is unimaginable.

Key stakeholders in Make A Wish

Make a wish get a lot of supports from companies each year to help make wishes come true some of the companies are:Flight centre limited raise enough money to grant 25 magical wishes to come true. Some of the wishes cost thousands of pounds to make come true especially if they want to go aboard. For example if each flight coast  £2,000and you times that by 25 wishes that make a totally of 50,000 grand.Fairy has been supporting Make-A-Wish since 2004 with its annual Christmas campaign. With specially branded bottles & packs, TV & radio adverts and customer activity, Fairy is helping Make-A-Wish to reach its target of granting magical wishes to every child in the UK living with a life-threatening conditionCadbury is supporting Make-A-Wish in both the UK and Ireland, becoming their largest corporate supporter. They receive a percentage of the profits from Cadbury's bestselling wishes line .As in previous years, 10% of all profits from Cadbury Wishes will be donated to Make-A-Wish.The aims of companies to make sure that Make A wish has enough income coming in to be able to grant the amazing wish but as well to feel that feeling of doing something good to be able to change that one kids life by the money they send in rather than having the money is the bank and sat there doing nothing.by the business showing that they are helping charity people will more likely buy their product. By the company’s supporting charity are showing they are willing to make a change so will hopefully improve the company’s image but also in the long term will buy they product as they are  impressed. Celebrity support/ stakeholdersComedian Kevin James hosted a special charity day of fun for the Make-A-Wish Foundation on Sunday, March 14, and he has enlisted the help of a whole bunch of his celebrity friends. The event happened at Santa Monica Pier for Make-A-Wish children and their families from Los Angeles and surrounding cities. The Santa Monica Pier was closed down for the event as celebrity friends of Kevin and his wife came out to meet the children, and host rides and booths at the Pier. Born with a life-threatening degenerative heart condition,.To keep his tough spirit alive, he asked his wish granters from Make-A-Wish Northern West Virginia if he could meet his powerful idol – The Rock. Make-A-Wish’s partnership with WWE make this a successful arrangement as Spud and his family fly to Toronto for the taping of WWE’s RAW event. Sitting the family on ringside of the stage. Later on announcer informs the fans of a special match. The Rock grapples with Booker T. and â€Å"laid the smack down† just for Spud. The meeting between wish kid and celebrity was truly powerful. When the two friends have to part, they both leave with tears.â€Å"The Great One† says goodbye with a tear in his eye and one running down his cheek, while Spud cries openly from happiness. WWE officials say they’ve never seen The Rock cry before. An 11-year-old who has Leukaemia performed the coin toss at this year’s Wimbledon men’s singles final between Roger Federer and Andy Murray thanks to the Make-A-Wish Foundation and Andy Murray. Also Andy Murray made 12 year old Elijah wish come true. Elijah was able to watching him train but also play a few games with him. Later on in the day Elijah and his mate who also have cancer took their seats to watch the centre court actionMake a wish have over 120 celebrities that support the charity. Doing this like meeting the children or even donating money to help more wishes come trueThe aims of the celebrities are to give up some of their free time and make a child wish come true. To be able to just meet up with that famous person will make the child forget all about their medical treatment or what is going on They are living their dream. The celebrities only need to spend a  few hours or even a day with the dying child to know they have made a big difference i n that child life. By them helping out with the children their image improves because people see that they are making dying children and people will like them better but they are using their free time to make the world a better place.Volunteers/ Staff VolunteersThe Volunteers are the mean reason why make a wish is able to run. It thanks to around 7,954 thousand people that work full time to help make wishes come true. There are around 30,000 volunteers around the world that work part time or in their free time. The aim for volunteers is to see a smile on a dying child face and know that they will die happy. They don’t get paid for doing this. By them not getting paid, Make A Wish is able to grant so many more wishes.I believe that the volunteers should get a medal or something because they are amazing. They don’t ask anything in return but just to be able to see that smile on that one child face. They make such a big different in the number of wishes that they are able to grant. Volunteer would like Make A Wish to expanding even more in the next few years and by being able to do that. More wishes will be able to expand around the world. Which willStaffThe staff as also a big reason why Make A Wish is able to work. The aims for the staff are to make sure that everything is running smoothly but also they have to organise the wishes. They make them come true which is a lot of pressure because it’s that child idea, their wish. Also the staffs have to make sure they have enough money to grant the wishes additionally they have to help the volunteers.â€Æ' In conclusion all the stakeholders work so hard to Make A wish happen. Each stakeholder does their own bit which is really important to make the charity happen. The staffs are one can are the main organise of Make A Wish. Without them you are not about to run a functional charity. You need people to help you organise fund raisers but they are in control of money so how much a wish will cost. They have to organise the wish from booking the flights or calling the celebrities up.The Volunteers are also a big part because without them you would have a big charity but also there would not be as many wishes granted as they’re is now. The volunteer bring is so much money in 2012 they brought in (see below). Without their help the cost of staff would be so much bigger which will lead to fewer wishes. Hopefully in the next few years there will be so many more volunteers which will mean more income which leads to more children wishes coming true. The volunteers don’t ask for much in return but just to be able to see that dying child last wish come true and to be able to see that big smile which could light up the whole room.The Celebrity support is so a big thing because they help make wishes come true. Without them giving up some of their time many wishes would not be able to come true. By them just knowing their story and name will just blow them away. With role m odel in the same room as them and living their dream with them. The Companies also help keep Make A Wish running because they bring in a lot of money.For example Cadbury is their largest corporate supporter. 10% of all profits from Cadbury Wishes will be donated to Make-A-Wish. And many more companies help but not by just giving money but making Make A Wish seem and well known. For example Fairy liquid put make on the front of their bottles showing that they are supporting but additionally trying to get them well known. Sometimes a company will sponsor a wish. So will pay for the whole wish to come true.ChairThe role that the Chair of the Board plays is different from all the other roles on the Board. It is Amy job to ensure that the Board operates as a team. She has to think about how to get the best out of each and every member of the Board. Amy’s role can be summed up in the term â€Å"leader†.Vice chairThe role of Gilli is to carry out the chairs duties in her abse nce, but only with the acknowledgement of the board as being capable and appropriate to do so. Gilli will also provide support and assistance to Amy.TreasurerThe job role of Tim is to watch over all the financial  affairs of the Make A Wish and ensure they are legal, constitutional and within accepted accounting practice. Also ensure proper records are kept and that effective financial procedures are in place.SecretaryAre responsible for ensuring that the Make A Wish complies with its governing document, charity law and more. Judy is also responsible for ensuring that board meeting, annual general meetings and extraordinary general meeting run effectively.DirectorEach director is the leading of Make A Wish in their country. Each role is the same but with different people in different countries. The job of the directors is to make sure that Make A Wish is running smoothly but also making sure that the dying children are getting the benefit of Make A Wish.Key stakeholders in Hobbs h ouse bakery Trevor Herbert:Is the Managing Director of Hobbs House Bakery. As the managing director he is responsible of the daily operation of the company. The aim for Trevor Herbert to make sure that the business is working well and being in a profit.Clive WellsIs the Operations Director of Hobbs House Bakery. The main responsibilities Clive wells is handling the logistics of the business, preparing budgets and inventories and overseeing the supervision of employees. The aim for Clive wells is to make sure that the business runs smoothly by budgets things so that they are not wasting money.Sam WellsIs the Retail Director of Hobbs House Bakery. Retail manager ensure the promotions are accurate and merchandised to Hobbs House Bakery. The aims of Sam wells is to maximise profit while minimising costsTom HerbertIs the Sales and Marketing Director of Hobbs House Bakery .Toms job is to accomplish business development activities by doing research and developing market opportunities and p lans; implementing sales plans and managing the staff. The aim is to market Hobbs House Bakery so they have more customer which leads to more profit.George HerbertIs the Sales Director of Hobbs House Baker. George job is to sort out any outstanding sales, more consistent and innovative products and services for all their customers. The aim for George is to make sure that the business sale enough to keep running and sort out any outstanding sales.Bafana NcubeIs the Non-Executive Director of Hobbs House Baker. Bafana job is a non-working director of Hobbs House Bakery she is not an executive director and, therefore, does not take part in the day to day running of the business. The aims for Bafana is to make sure that the business is running smoothly but also help Trevor make decisionsCustomersIs a main part of the why Hobbs House Bakery is running because if it wasn’t for them there would be no income so the business would go bust. The aim of the customers is to buy things that they like but also give feedback on what they like and would improve.Local schoolsAre a stakeholder because school go into the bakery and learns about how it is ran which help student learn better. The aims of the school are for the students to learn about how to make a successful business but also get Hobbs House Bakery well known.SuppliersAs the suppliers they help to make Hobbs House Bakery run. Their aim is to provide them with the best flour, eggs and more. So that Hobbs house bakery will stay with them which in term will make them more profit.People that fix the machinesIf they lose Hobbs House Bakery then they will have less income coming in. The aims are to keep them happy so they will keep on using their service.CompetitorsThey keep Hobbs House Bakery on their toe and always needing to come up with new things so that they can keep the customers. There aims is to have more customers than them but on the other hand they working with them so they get more customers.Local busi nessBecause Hobbs House Bakery is well know because come to the high street to go to their shops. While people are in the high street they may go into different shop which brings in more income into the local businesses. The aim is to make Hobbs House Bakery more successful because they will bring in more customers.Local CouncilHobbs House Bakery have to pay business tax but also get health and safety checks. The aim of the Local Council is to keep Hobbs House Bakery running so they get their money http://hobbshousebakery.co.uk/our-directors/sam-welThe Volunteers are also a big part because without them you would have a big charity but also there would not be as many wishes granted as they’re is now. The volunteer bring is so much money in 2012 they brought in (see below). Without their help the cost of staff would be so much bigger which will lead to fewer wishes. Hopefully in the next few years there will be so many more volunteers which will mean more income which leads to more children wishes coming true.The volunteers don’t ask for much in return but just to be able to see that dying child last wish come true and to be able  to see that big smile which could light up the whole room. The Celebrity support is so a big thing because they help make wishes come true. Without them giving up some of their time many wishes would not be able to come true. By them just knowing their story and name will just blow them away. With role model in the same room as them and living their dream with them.The Companies also help keep Make A Wish running because they bring in a lot of money. For example Cadbury is their largest corporate supporter. 10% of all profits from Cadbury Wishes will be donated to Make-A-Wish. And many more companies help but not by just giving money but making Make A Wish seem and well known. For example Fairy liquid put make on the front of their bottles showing that they are supporting but additionally trying to get them well known. Sometimes a company will sponsor a wish. So will pay for the whole wish to come true.Chain of command Amy Nauiokas United kindom/ USA ChairGilli Sinclair New Zealand Vice ChairTim Kilpin United states TreasurerJudy gifford Canada SecretoryChairThe role that the Chair of the Board plays is different from all the  other roles on the Board. It is Amy job to ensure that the Board operates as a team. She has to think about how to get the best out of each and every member of the Board. Amy’s role can be summed up in the term â€Å"leader†.Vice chairThe role of Gilli is to carry out the chairs duties in her absence, but only with the acknowledgement of the board as being capable and appropriate to do so. Gilli will also provide support and assistance to Amy.TreasurerThe job role of Tim is to watch over all the financial affairs of the Make A Wish and ensure they are legal, constitutional and within accepted accounting practice. Also ensure proper records are kept and that effective financial procedures are in place.SecretaryAre responsible for ensuring that the Make A Wish complies with its governing document, charity law and more. Judy is also responsible for ensuring that board meeting, annual general meetings and extraordinary general meeting run effectively.DirectorEach director is the leading of Make A Wish in their country. Each role is the same but with different people in different countries. The job of the directors is to make sure that Make A Wish is running smoothly but also making sure that the dying children are getting the benefit of Make A Wish.Key stakeholders in Hobbs house bakeryTrevor Herbert:Is the Managing Director of Hobbs House Bakery. As the managing director he is responsible of the daily operation of the company. The aim for Trevor Herbert to make sure that the business is working well and being in a profit.Clive WellsIs the Operations Director of Hobbs House Bakery. The main responsibilities Clive wells is handling the logi stics of the business, preparing budgets and inventories and overseeing the supervision of employees. The aim for Clive wells is to make sure that the business runs smoothly by budgets things so that they are not wasting money.Sam WellsIs the Retail Director of Hobbs House Bakery. Retail manager ensure the promotions are accurate and merchandised to Hobbs House Bakery. The aims of Sam wells is to maximise profit while minimising costsTom HerbertIs the Sales and Marketing Director of Hobbs House Bakery .Toms job is to accomplish business development activities by doing research and developing market opportunities and plans; implementing sales plans and managing the staff. The aim is to market Hobbs House Bakery so they have more customer which leads to more profit.George HerbertIs the Sales Director of Hobbs House Baker. George job is to sort out any outstanding sales, more consistent and innovative products and services for all their customers. The aim for George is to make sure tha t the business sale enough to keep running and sort out any outstanding sales.Bafana NcubeIs the Non-Executive Director of Hobbs House Baker. Bafana job is a non-working director of Hobbs House Bakery she is not an executive director and, therefore, does not take part in the day to day running of the business. The aims for Bafana is to make sure that the business is running smoothly but also help Trevor make decisionsCustomersIs a main part of the why Hobbs House Bakery is running because if it wasn’t for them there would be no income so the business would go bust. The aim of the customers is to buy things that they like but also give feedback on what they like and would improve.Local schoolsAre a stakeholder because school go into the bakery and learns about how it is ran which help student learn better. The aims of the school are for the students to learn about how to make a successful business but also get Hobbs House Bakery well known.SuppliersAs the suppliers they help t o make Hobbs House Bakery run. Their aim is to provide them with the best flour, eggs and more. So that Hobbs house bakery will stay with them which in term will make them more profit.People that fix the machinesIf they lose Hobbs House Bakery then they will have less income coming in. The aims are to keep them happy so they will keep on using their service.CompetitorsThey keep Hobbs House Bakery on their toe and always needing to come up with new things so that they can keep the customers. There aims is to have more customers than them but on the other hand they working with them so they get more customers.Local businessBecause Hobbs House Bakery is well know because come to the high street to go to their shops. While people are in the high street they may go into different shop which brings in more income into the local businesses. The aim is to make Hobbs House Bakery more successful because they will bring in more customers.Local CouncilHobbs House Bakery have to pay business ta x but also get health and safety checks. The aim of the Local Council is to keep Hobbs House Bakery running so they get their money http://hobbshousebakery.co.uk/our-directors/sam-wells

Environmental Problems in El Salvador

With a total land mass of just 8,124 square miles, El Salvador is the smallest country in Central America. Like many of its’ neighboring countries, it possesses very few natural resources. Since the nation’s economy is based predominantly on agriculture, it’s no surprise that its’ citizens often experience â€Å"resource roller coasters†. In addition, its’ long history of inappropriate land tenure and ownership practices date all the way back to colonialism. Even more strikingly, â€Å"sixty percent of El Salvador’s population is expected to live in the capital by 2010. As a result, El Salvador has to deal with continuing environmental problems. The fact that the nation lies along the Pacific Ring of fire doesn’t help either, which subjects the country to frequent earthquakes and volcanic activity. The environmental problems that El Salvador continually struggles with are deforestation, soil erosion, water pollution, contaminat ion and lack of bio-diversity. El Salvador is the second most deforested country in Latin American after Haiti. In fact, nearly eighty five percent of its forest has disappeared since the 1960's.Today, less than 6,000 hectares are now considered to be primary forest. Deforestation in El Salvador occurs as a result of timber exploitation for fuel. The nation’s high population relies heavily on the collection of fuel wood and subsistence hunting and agriculture. Since the end of the 1990's, the country’s deforestation rate has increased by eighteen percent. The environmental, social and economic effects of deforestation have been nothing short of devastating. To date, more than fifty percent of El Salvador isn’t even suitable for food cultivation.In addition, much of the country suffers from severe soil erosion. The massive deforestation that the nation has experienced has dislodged the top soil and has even changed the climate according to environmental experts. What used to be a heavily wooded region is now more like a desert. Deforestation is so severe in El Salvador that it has forced people into the capital city of San Salvador, where overcrowding has caused problems such as smog. â€Å"At least 11,000 Salvadoran children die every year because of respiratory ailments believed related to air pollution, according to one study. Although the El Salvadoran government has attempted to respond to the problem of deforestation, they have not been particularly successful. They have created deforestation laws, but due to lack of funds and management, the laws often go unenforced. In addition, soil erosion and infertility are quite prevalent in El Salvador. These problems stem mostly from poor agricultural practices. Farmers typically use a â€Å"slash and burn† farming method, which consists of cutting and burning down forests in order to use the areas for agriculture. This method destroys all vegetation and leaves the surrounding soil vu lnerable to extreme erosion.Unfortunately, since it is becoming more and more difficult to find land that is suitable for cultivation, farmers have no choice but to do this. Farming is their livelihood and quite frankly they will do anything to survive. What’s even more disheartening is the fact that the land that is suitable for cultivation has already been bought to use for construction of maquilas. In some cases, soil erosion has even buried communities in landslides and floods have submerged large areas of flat land. The soil is also unable to retain humidity causing drought conditions in the dry season.Most agricultural soil has even been acidified due to the irrational use of inorganic fertilizers, pesticides, and other forms of pollution. Luckily, the government has responded to this problem and is encouraging farmers to take advantage of improved agricultural technologies. These technologies include planting deep rooted grasses and trees on hillsides to control soil e rosion. However, farmers should not expect much financial assistance to take advantage of these new technologies because the El Salvadoran government simply does not have much to give.Thirdly, water pollution is another environmental problem that plague El Salvador. Despite receiving six feet of rainfall each year, most of the nation’s water is highly contaminated. In fact, thousands are killed each year due to water contamination, many of whom are children. At the same time, most of the citizens of the nation cannot afford bottled water. After the twelve year civil war destroyed much of the country’s infrastructure, poor areas became even poorer. Homes and water sources had been destroyed by militia during the war. After returning home, some citizens chose to hand dig wells in order to obtain drinking water.However, many others went to their nearest stream, river or pond to collect water. These unsafe and contaminated water sources caused many people to become ill wit h intestinal diseases. According to Ricardo Navarro, El Salvador’s government has failed to protect its’ most precious resource: â€Å"Farmers have cut down forests that used to store rain water. Ranchers have allowed their livestock to pollute rivers. Communities have put latrines too close to shallow wells. † Others, such as Marisol Prima Ponza, who runs a government dispensary that tracks the health of 375 children in several communities, believe that things are improving. There have been fewer cases of diarrhea,† she says. â€Å"For example, from January to August of this year I have only recorded 17 cases. † Ponza also added that these improvements are due to several projects that have been implemented to improve water conditions. El Salvador’s government can not claim that they have played a large role in any improvements though. In fact, sixty three percent of water improvement programs were financed through international loans and gra nts, twenty one percent through self-financing by ANDA and only sixteen percent with actual government resources.Many citizens and international groups alike have been putting pressure on the government to improve water conditions as well. In fact, March 22 is declared as World Water Day when thousands of people protest in the streets of San Salvador. They typically protest the four main components of the country’s water crisis: high cost of water, unjust distribution of water, contaminated water and environmental destruction. Despite some improvements, poor water sanitation continues to remain one of the main environmental problems of El Salvador. Another environmental problem that El Salvador must deal with on a daily basis is contamination.The nation’s soil is constantly being contaminated from the disposal of toxic wastes. Each day, El Salvador produces over two thousand metric tons of garbage. Over half of the garbage that is produced is disposed of illegally in o pen air dumps. In actuality, only two legal garbage dumps exist for the entire country to share. The whole country, especially the Greater San Salvador area contaminates a great deal of its garbage by â€Å"mixing organic with inorganic garbage, biodegradable or reusable materials with non-biodegradable or toxic waste. By doing this, many recycling opportunities are completely lost and the cost of recovering the recyclable materials would simply not be worth it. Unfortunately, the nation’s restrictions on any kind of waste disposal are quite lax and they do not provide people with the resources for proper disposal anyway. In addition, nearly half of the nation’s garbage is toxic waste which is harmful to human and environmental health. Factories and hospitals alike simply dump their garbage into nearby rivers and lakes which contaminates the water.Unfortunately, the response from the municipal government in San Salvador barely makes a dent in the problem. Nonetheless, if its model extended throughout the nation and made its way into the platforms of public officials as well as environmental organizations, then positive change would probably occur. For a country whose environment is badly deteriorating, this is a life or death situation and must be properly addressed. Garbage collectors themselves can be seen handling garbage with their bare hands on any given day, which subjects them to many types of infections.According to the garbage collectors themselves, there isn’t a very good communication flow between them and the environmental sanitation office. Many of the people that work at the mayor’s office are not even aware of a pilot project to separate garbage. In addition, the equipment that would be needed for the project would not even be affordable due to San Salvador’s poor economic conditions. Unfortunately, the mayor’s good intentions are simply not helpful without the proper funding and effort. Lastly, another environmental issue that affects El Salvador is the loss of bio-diversity.It’s not that the nation naturally lacks bio-diversity, but rather the result of many years of environmental abuse. In particular, the nation’s wildlife and native plant life are suffering due to soil degradation, poor water quality and subsistence hunting. Despite these problems, more than 508 species of birds, 121 mammals, 130 reptiles and amphibians, and over 2000 plant species were recorded in the nation in 1998. Even though these numbers have probably decreased since then due to the government’s lack of emphasis on natural resources training, they are still not devastating by any means.In fact, El Salvador encompasses over seven percent over the world’s total biodiversity. However, these plants and animal species are not going to save themselves. If the nation’s other environmental issues are not addressed then the distinction of some of these plants and animals is inev itable. The environmental problems in El Salvador are an important issue to the state because they all lead to others problems.For example, contamination has led to water pollution which has led to illness and people’s livelihoods depend on whether they are healthy enough to work. As mentioned several of times, the state has definitely not done enough to ddress the environmental problems in which they are suffering from. Even when they do address the problems and create plans to fix them, they usually lack the money to carry the plans through. Any money that they do have to fix the problem is typically obtained through international grant and loan programs, like the United Nations. Some improvements have been made in El Salvador, such as the integration of legal garbage dumps, but since only two exist, the improvements have not been immense. The environmental problems have weakened the economy and in turn, the weakened economy is what is preventing the problems from being fix ed.It’s not that the elected officials of El Salvador do not have goals and visions for their state, but it’s that they can’t carry them through economically. Perhaps educating the citizens of El Salvador about how to care for the environment and farm correctly is one of the first steps. International groups also need to continue to put pressure on the state through protests, such as they did on World Water Day and their funding needs to continue. By improving their environmental problems, El Salvador has the ability to prosper more than anyone has ever even imagined.